Training course on Cyber-Physical Systems Security

Module 1: Introduction to Cyber-Physical Systems and Security Fundamentals
Overview:
This foundational module provides an overview of CPS, their architecture, and the importance of cybersecurity in protecting critical operations.
Key Topics:
Definition and characteristics of Cyber-Physical Systems]Components and communication layers in CPS
CPS vs. traditional IT systems: security distinction
Threat landscape for industrial and embedded systems
Overview of real-world CPS incidents and lessons learned
Practical Focus:
Participants map the architecture of a sample CPS network and identify potential security weak points.

Module 2: Architecture, Components, and Communication Protocols of CPS
Overview:
Explores how hardware, software, and network elements integrate to form CPS environments and the implications for security.
Key Topics:
Layers of CPS: physical, control, network, and application
Sensors, actuators, PLCs, RTUs, and embedded controllers
Common industrial communication protocols (Modbus, DNP3, OPC UA, Profinet, BACnet)
Security limitations of legacy systems and protocols
Network segmentation and data flow mapping in CPS
Practical Focus:
Learners simulate communication between CPS devices and analyze network traffic for vulnerabilities.

Module 3: Threat Landscape and Attack Vectors in CPS
Overview:
Examines the evolving threats and attack methods that target CPS environments, with case studies on notable attacks.
Key Topics:
Taxonomy of CPS attacks: physical, cyber, and cyber-physical
Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) targeting industrial control systems
Supply chain, firmware, and insider threats
Case studies: Stuxnet, Triton/Trisis, BlackEnergy, Industroyer
Risk modeling and attack surface analysis
Practical Focus:
Participants conduct a structured threat modeling exercise for a simulated critical infrastructure network.

Module 4: Risk Assessment and Security Frameworks for CPS
Overview:
Focuses on applying recognized standards and methodologies to assess and manage CPS cybersecurity risks.
Key Topics:
Security assessment frameworks: NIST SP 800-82, ISA/IEC 62443, ISO/IEC 27019
Safety and reliability in CPS environments
Risk identification, prioritization, and mitigation planning
Security maturity modeling and compliance assessment
Integration of cybersecurity and safety engineering processes
Practical Focus:
Trainees perform a CPS risk assessment exercise and develop a compliance roadmap aligned with IEC 62443.

Module 5: Network Security and Monitoring in CPS Environments
Overview:
Teaches network defense techniques tailored for CPS communication networks and protocols.
Key Topics:
Network segmentation and zone/conduit models
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) for ICS
Deep packet inspection for industrial protocols
AI and ML-based anomaly detection systems
Real-time monitoring and security information event management (SIEM) integration
Practical Focus:
Participants configure an ICS/OT monitoring tool and analyze network traffic to detect abnormal patterns.

Module 6: Secure Design and Hardening of CPS Infrastructure
Overview:
Covers security best practices and architectural strategies to strengthen CPS resilience against attacks.
Key Topics:
Defense-in-depth principles for industrial environments
Secure configuration and patch management for control systems
Authentication, authorization, and access control for CPS devices
Encryption and integrity protection for industrial data
Physical security and environmental protection measures
Practical Focus:
Learners develop a defense-in-depth plan for a hypothetical power grid control system.

Module 7: AI, Blockchain, and Zero Trust in CPS Security
Overview:
Examines advanced technologies and how they can reinforce the security and reliability of CPS.
Key Topics:
Role of artificial intelligence in predictive security and anomaly detection
Blockchain for data integrity, device authentication, and auditability
Zero Trust Architecture for industrial networks
Secure device identity management and access control automation
Emerging trends in smart manufacturing and Industry 5.0 security
Practical Focus:
Participants simulate a Zero Trust model implementation in a CPS network with blockchain-based authentication.

Module 8: Incident Detection, Response, and Forensics in CPS
Overview:
Focuses on techniques for detecting, responding to, and investigating cyber incidents affecting CPS operations.
Key Topics:
Building a CPS-specific incident response framework
Digital forensics in industrial environments
Handling safety-critical incidents and recovery coordination
Threat intelligence integration for proactive defense
Communication and coordination with stakeholders during incidents
Practical Focus:
Trainees simulate a CPS breach scenario, execute incident response steps, and prepare a forensic report.

Module 9: Resilience, Redundancy, and Recovery in CPS
Overview:
Addresses the design of resilient CPS systems capable of maintaining functionality and safety during cyber disruptions.
Key Topics:
Concepts of resilience engineering in CPS
Redundancy and fail-safe mechanisms
Disaster recovery planning and business continuity strategies
Cyber resilience metrics and performance assessment
Simulation and testing of failover strategies
Practical Focus:
Participants design a resilience architecture for a CPS controlling a transportation or energy system.

Module 10: Governance, Policy, and the Future of CPS Security
Overview:
Culminates the course with an exploration of regulatory frameworks, governance strategies, and emerging trends shaping CPS security.
Key Topics:
Global regulatory and compliance landscape for critical infrastructure protection
Organizational policies and governance structures for CPS cybersecurity
Workforce development and capacity building in CPS security
Ethical and societal implications of CPS vulnerabilities
Future trends: AI-driven automation, quantum threats, and cross-domain security
Capstone Project:
Participants develop a comprehensive CPS security plan integrating technical, organizational, and policy-level controls for a chosen industry (e.g., energy, transport,
healthcare, or manufacturing).